Unlock the potential of Vim! Dive into essential commands for beginners in Linux editing. Enhance your productivity with this versatile tool. Learn how to navigate, edit, and customize your files effortlessly
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Security is paramount in our interconnected world. In this series, we’ll empower you to detect and prevent Linux system compromises. Part 1 covers essential checks to spot potential breaches.
Vim Essentials: Tips and Tricks for Boosting Productivity
Do you spend a lot of time working in a command-line environment, editing and managing files using text editors? If so, then you know that having a good command over these tools can significantly increase your productivity and add value to your work. That’s where Vim comes in. If you’re new to Vim or just looking to brush up your skills, then come take a dive with me as we explore how Vim can benefit you and make your work more productive and enjoyable.
Setting Up a Local Yum Repository
Yum package manager allows users to install, update and remove software package in RedHat based linux systems, Yum uses repositories defined in yum.repos.d directory to download the packages and dependencies, in scenarios where public access is not available we can setup local yum repositories to ease the package management on our linux systems, In this blog we take a look at different options and steps to configure local yum repos.
The Benefits of a Career in Technical Support
Careercareer plandatabaseJobslinuxnetworkingskillssoft skillssuccesstech support jobstechnical skillstroubleshooting
Technical support job may not be the first choice that comes to mind when anyone considers getting into the tech industry, but it is a great career option. Here we are making a case for technical support jobs and why it is the perfect entry to the tech industry. If you are interested in starting your career in tech, you’re at the right place.
Using rsyslog with CLI
Refer to understanding linux logging for understaning more about syslogs and linux logging
Here we discuss about using rsyslog wih cli, and how it can be used to log messages through CLI and also send priority messages
Log Messages
We can run the command logger to log messages from command line
[root@midas rsyslog.d]# logger "hello this is the message"
[root@midas rsyslog.d]# cat /var/log/messages | grep hello
Sep 29 19:36:38 midas /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[2503]: hello,, this is secured , please dont use if you dont have unauthorized access
Oct 1 21:50:36 midas root[4555]: hello this is the message
[root@midas rsyslog.d]#Sending rsyslog messages with priority
Priority is a critical part of logging, we need to set the priority of the message basis its severity.
Emergency Priority
Messages with emergency priority are configured such as they get rerouted to console, terminals, and ssh sessions. rsyslog allows such messages to be sent through cli which allows them to be immediately viewed by the other uses.
Run the following command from any terminal
[root@midas rsyslog.d]# logger -p emerg "this is the emergency message"You will get following message on all the terminals
[centos@midas ~]$
Broadcast message from systemd-journald@midas (Sat 2022-10-01 21:55:43 IST):
root[4607]: this is the emergency message
Message from syslogd@midas at Oct 1 21:55:43 ...
root[4607]:this is the emergency message
Understanding Linux Logging
Linux operating system is a popular choice for servers, logging of operating system, application, and base system events becomes crucial when hosting large commercial applications, Linux provides, multiple logging options, to help administrators and application support teams to record and track important events and assess the performance of he system and overall setup. here we will try to understand key logging features as made available by Linux OS
Default Network Ports for Common Services
Today all computers are interconnected and have to communicate with each other over a network. before passing this information these systems first establish a connection each end of which is a socket, A port is a logical address that is assigned to a specific service on the computer, and along with the IP address, it creates this socket, In this article, we understand more about ports and the common default or well-known ports used by services.
Linux Package Management
Linux provides multiple package management tools to simplify the process of package installation and upgrades, in this blog we look at RPM and YUM, and how they can be used for package management on Redhat flavour linux distributions
Load Average in Linux Servers – Confusion Solved
With Linux distributions acting as servers for majority of web applications and Software as a Service, Infrastructure as a Service, etc. platforms, managing Load on the installations is one of the most important tasks for system admins, SRE’s and technical support teams
How is Load measured
In linux load is measured in two dimensions
CPU Load : it is a measurement of CPU over / under utilization,
Load Average : it is the average system load over a period of time.
Lets see this in detail
Load Average can be found by running top command or uptime command as shown below
There are many misconceptions / doubts on how we understand the Load Average as shown in Linux
- What is load average as shown in top command ?
- What this values represent ?
- When it will be high, when low ?
- When to consider it as critical ?
- In which scenarios it can increase ?
In this Blog we will talk about the answers of all these .
What are these three values shown in above image ?
The three numbers represent averages over progressively longer periods of time (one, five, and fifteen-minute averages) and that lower numbers are better. Higher numbers represent a problem or an overloaded machine .
Now before getting into what is good value, what is bad value , what are the reasons which can affect these values , We will understand these on a machine with one single-core processor.
The traffic analogy
A single-core CPU is like a single lane of traffic. Imagine you are a bridge operator … sometimes your bridge is so busy there are cars lined up to cross. You want to let folks know how traffic is moving on your bridge. A decent metric would be how many cars are waiting at a particular time. If no cars are waiting, incoming drivers know they can drive across right away. If cars are backed up, drivers know they’re in for delays.
So, Bridge Operator, what numbering system are you going to use? How about:
- 0.00 means there’s no traffic on the bridge at all. In fact, between 0.00 and 1.00 means there’s no hold up, and an arriving car will just go right on.
- 1.00 means the bridge is exactly at capacity. All is still good, but if traffic gets a little heavier, things are going to slow down.
- over 1.00 means there’s holdup. How much? Well, 2.00 means that there are two lanes worth of cars total — one lane’s worth on the bridge, and one lane’s worth waiting. 3.00 means there are three lanes worth total — one lane’s worth on the bridge, and two lanes’ worth waiting. Etc.
Like the bridge operator, you’d like your cars/processes to never be waiting. So, your CPU load should ideally stay below 1.00. Also, like the bridge operator, you are still ok if you get some temporary spikes above 1.00 … but when you’re consistently above 1.00, you need to worry.
So you’re saying the ideal load is 1.00?
Well, not exactly. The problem with a load of 1.00 is that you have no headroom. In practice, many sysadmins will draw a line at 0.70:
But now a days we many multiple cores systems or multiple processors system .
Got a quad-processor system? It’s still healthy with a load of 3.00.
On a multi-processor system, the load is relative to the number of processor cores available. The “100% utilization” mark is 1.00 on a single-core system, 2.00, on a dual-core, 4.00 on a quad-core, etc.
If we go back to the bridge analogy, the “1.00” really means “one lane’s worth of traffic”. On a one-lane bridge, that means it’s filled up. On a two-lane bridge, a load of 1.00 means it’s at 50% capacity — only one lane is full, so there’s another whole lane that can be filled.
Same with CPUs: a load of 1.00 is 100% CPU utilization on a single-core box. On a dual-core box, a load of 2.00 is 100% CPU utilization.
Which leads us to two new Rules of Thumb:
- The “number of cores = max load” Rule of Thumb: on a multicore system, your load should not exceed the number of cores available.
- The “cores is cores” Rule of Thumb: How the cores are spread out over CPUs doesn’t matter. Two quad-cores == four dual-cores == eight single-cores. It’s all eight cores for these purposes.
What if the load goes beyond the number of cores
But What to extract from here that if load is going beyond number of Cores , Are we in crunch of Cores ?
Well Not exactly , For this we need to further debug or analyse TOP command data to come to a conclusion.
Impact of User Process and System Process
In above output , This coloured part shows CPU used by
- user process(us) and
- system process(sy) .
Now if these values are around 99-100%, it means there is crunch of cpu cores on your system or some process is consuming more CPU . So, in this case either increase cores or optimize you application which is consuming more CPU .
Now let’s take another scenario :
Impact of disk read / write speed
In above image , coloured parts shows amount of time CPU is waiting in doing Input/Output(I/O) . So say if this values is going above say 80% ,then also load average on server will increase . It means either
- you disk read/write speed is slow or
- your applications is reading/writing too much on your system beyond system capability .
In this case either diagnose your hard disk read/write speed or check why your application is reading/writing so much .
Now let’s take one more scenario :
Impact of softirq’s
If values Above coloured output goes beyond certain limit , it means softirq(si) are consuming cpu. It can be due to network/disk interrupts . Either they are not getting enough CPU or there is some misconfiguration in you ethernet ports due to which interrupts are not able to handle packets receiving or transmitting . These types of problem occurs more on VM environment rather than physical machine.
Now , Lest take one last scenario :
Impact of CPU Steal Time
This above part will help you in case of Virtual Machine Environment .
If %st increases to certain limit say it is remaining more than 50% , it means that you are getting half of CPU time from base machine and someone else is consuming you CPU time as you may be on shared CPU infra . In above case also Load can increase .
Summary
I hope it covers all major scenarios in which load average can increase . Understanding different parameters from the output for top command can help you understand the performance of your linux server better.
Stay tuned to know more about further analyzing and answering questions like how to check read/write speed, how to check which application is consuming more CPU and how to check which interrupts are causing problem.
Refrences : https://scoutapm.com/blog/understanding-load-averages
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Author
Sahil Aggarwal
Senior Software Engineer 3/Tech Lead at Ameyo
I am a Tech Professional working in IT industry from 10 years . I have worked on many technologies like java, databases, linux, netrowking, security and lot more . I generally believe in taking outside-in approach to any new product you are looking for . This behaviour helped me lot in debugging issues of new products or even issues of any other system throughout by journey. I like to write tech blogs and I have my personal blog sites also, I write on medium and dzone also . I am very adaptive working between Individual Contributor and as a Leader/Manager. Apart from technology, I like eating fast and junk food . I also like to listen and write shyari.